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DATA IDENTIFICATION
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Name
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Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP
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Indicator purpose
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The indicator is a direct measure of Research and development (R&D) spending.
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Abstract
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This indicator gives the amount of R&D expenditure divided by total output of the economy; fundamental indicator of both government and private sector efforts to obtain competitive advantage in Science and Technology. This indicator expresses the gross domestic expenditures on research and development as a percentage of GDP. Capital and current expenditures in the following four industries are included: Business enterprise, government, higher education and private non-profit. R&D comprises basic research, applied research and experimental development. The expenditure on R&D is a fundamental indicator of both government and private sector efforts to obtain competitive advantage in Science and Technology.
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Data source
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Ministry for Health Science and Technology
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DATA CHARACTERISTICS
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Contact organization person
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Ministry for Health Science and Technology
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Date last updated
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07-OCT-2019
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Periodicity
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Annual
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Unit of measure
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Percentage of GDP
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Other characteristics
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The gross domestic expenditure on R&D indicator consists of the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc. The expenditure on R&D is collected from all countries using a questionnaire prepared by UNESCO. This indicator measures R&D directly and expresses it as a percentage of GDP. Knowledge of the expenditure on R&D is useful to both government and private sector because they put significant efforts in obtaining competitive advantage in science and technology. Competitive advantage allows a country whether public or private sector, to produce relevant goods or services of equal value but in a more cost-effective manner or better quality.
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DATA CONCEPTS and CLASSIFICATIONS
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Classification used
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Research and experimental development (R&D) comprise creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humankind, culture and society – and to devise new applications of available knowledge. Expenditures on intramural R&D represent the amount of money spent on R&D that is performed within a reporting unit.
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Disaggregation
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R&D expenditure can be broken down by sector of performance, source of funds, field of science, type of research and type of cost.
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Key statistical concepts
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Computation of the indicator Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is self-explanatory, using readily available GDP data as denominator
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Formula
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OTHER ASPECTS
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Recommended uses
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It is important to allocate budgets to support collaborative national and international research to promote sharing of and open access to research data, to generate knowledge on how to translate what is already known, and to support the retention of the research workforce.
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Limitations
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Research and development (R&D) data need to be collected through surveys, which are expensive, and are not done on a regular basis in many developing countries. Furthermore, (developing) countries do not always cover all sectors of performance. The business sector is not always covered.
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Other comments
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The data is collected via national R&D surveys either by Statistical Institute of Belize or Min. for Health Science and Tech.
All the metadata shown in this document was gathered from United Nation Statistics Division. The metadata was extracted from https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/.